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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 151(1): 23-31, feb. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1515415

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is associated with morbidity, hospitalizations, absenteeism, and mortality among healthcare workers (HCW). AIM: To evaluate the seroconversion rate in HCW exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in the early pandemic phase in 2020 at a regional reference hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred seventy-nine HCW working at a regional hospital were invited to a longitudinal study performed between April-July 2020. A serological analysis by ELISA IgG for viral nucleoprotein and protein S with a secondary analysis by ELISA IgG protein S1/S2 for samples with positive or doubtful result was carried out together with a complementary online survey to inquire about occupational or community exposures to SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: Two cases with baseline infection were detected (1.1%, one symptomatic and one asymptomatic) and no cases of seroconversion were detected. During the study period, there were 136 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and regional weekly COVID-19 incidence ranged from 2.7 to 24.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. No SARS-CoV-2 cases were detected by PCR among 27 HCW who consulted for respiratory symptoms in the period. Online surveys confirmed direct care of COVID-19 patients and also detected a high degree of unprotected social interaction at work. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of seroconversion in this group of HCW exposed to the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal protective equipment and other measures used by the HCW were extremely useful for their protection in the initial phase of the pandemic.


ANTECEDENTES: La pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 está asociada a morbilidad, hospitalizaciones, ausentismo y mortalidad entre el personal de salud (PS). OBJETIVO: Evaluar la tasa de seroconversión en el PS expuesto al SARS-CoV-2 en la fase pandémica inicial el 2020 en un hospital regional de referencia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Ciento setenta y nueve trabajadores de la salud fueron invitados a un estudio longitudinal realizado entre abril-julio de 2020. Se efectuó un análisis serológico por ELISA IgG para nucleoproteína viral y proteína S con un análisis secundario por ELISA IgG proteína S1 / S2 para muestras con resultado positivo o dudoso junto a encuestas complementarias en línea para preguntar sobre exposiciones ocupacionales o comunitarias al SARS-CoV-2. RESULTADOS: Se detectaron dos casos con infección basal (1,1%, uno sintomático y uno asintomático) sin casos de seroconversión. Durante el período de estudio, hubo 136 pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19, y la incidencia semanal regional de COVID-19 osciló entre 2,7 y 24,4 por 100.000 habitantes. No se detectaron casos de SARS-CoV-2 por PCR entre los 27 funcionarios que consultaron por síntomas respiratorios en este período. Las encuestas en línea confirmaron la atención directa de los pacientes con COVID-19 y también detectaron un alto grado de interacción social desprotegida en el trabajo. CONCLUSIONES: No hubo evidencia de seroconversión en un grupo de funcionarios expuestos al riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 durante el inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19. Los equipos de protección personal y otras medidas utilizadas por el PS fueron de suma utilidad para su protección en la fase inicial de la pandemia.


Subject(s)
Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiology , Immunoglobulin G , Longitudinal Studies , Health Personnel , Pandemics/prevention & control , Seroconversion
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(11)nov. 2021.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389398

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Neurotoxocariasis is uncommon. Its manifestations include events of meningitis, encephalitis and less frequently vasculitis, which manifest as headache, seizures, focalization, confusion, cognitive alterations and /or fever. Peripheral eosinophilia with clinical and neurological imaging elements, allow its early suspicion. We report a 48-year-old agricultural worker, admitted in our hospital for one week of gastrointestinal complaints, headache, progressive left hemiparesis and impaired consciousness. He had leukocytosis (13,530/μL) with peripheral eosinophilia (25%, absolute count 3,400 /μL). CSF analysis revealed no abnormalities and brain CT showed poorly defined hypodense lesions on subcortical areas and semioval centers. Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple foci with increased signals predominantly in the white matter in both hemispheres, especially at frontal and occipital regions and at semioval centers. Lesions reinforced after paramagnetic contrast. Serological studies found specific IgG antibodies by ELISA against antigens of the genus Toxocara, which were confirmed by a positive IgG Western Blot. The patient was treated with albendazole (800 mg/d) for 14 days associated with parenteral and then oral corticosteroids with a favorable response and gradual complete recovery.


La neurotoxocariasis es infrecuente. Sus manifestaciones incluyen eventos de meningitis, encefalitis y con menor frecuencia vasculitis, que se manifiestan como cefalea, convulsiones, focalización, confusión, alteraciones cognitivas o fiebre. La eosinofilia periférica, junto a elementos clínicos e imágenes compatibles, permiten su sospecha. Informamos el caso de un trabajador agrícola de 48 años que ingresó por una semana de molestias gastrointestinales, cefalea, hemiparesia izquierda progresiva y deterioro de conciencia. Los exámenes revelaron leucocitosis (13.530/μL) con eosinofilia periférica (25%, recuento absoluto 3.400/μL). El análisis del LCR sin anomalías y la tomografía computada cerebral mostró lesiones hipodensas mal definidas en áreas subcorticales y centros semiovales. La resonancia magnética mostró múltiples focos con aumento de la señal predominantemente en la sustancia blanca en ambos hemisferios. Las lesiones presentaron refuerzo tras contraste paramagnético. Los estudios serológicos indicaron anticuerpos IgG específicos por ELISA contra antígenos del género Toxocara. El paciente fue tratado con albendazol (800 mg /día) durante 14 días asociado a corticoides con respuesta favorable y una recuperación gradual completa.

3.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 38(4): 568-573, ago. 2021. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388274

ABSTRACT

Resumen Presentamos el caso clínico de una infección fúngica invasora con una conjuntivitis necrosante, escleritis y panuveitis unilateral por Scedosporium apiospermum en una mujer de 78 años con artritis reumatoidea con neutropenia secundaria a fármacos. El diagnóstico etiológico fue confirmado por cultivo micológico de secreción ocular con apoyo de MALDI-TOF-TOF e histopatología. El tratamiento incluyó aseos quirúrgicos asociado a terapia tópica y sistémica con voriconazol y corticoesteroides, con una evolución favorable a los dos meses de tratamiento. Una recaída obligó a un segundo curso terapéutico por 12 meses adicionales con mejoría y erradicación del agente. La conjuntivitis fúngica por S. apiospermum es un evento infrecuente asociado a pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Su tratamiento involucra desbridamientos quirúrgicos y terapia antifúngica prolongada.


Abstract We report a case of invasive fungal infection with necrotizing conjunctivitis, scleritis and unilateral panuveitis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum in a 78-year-old woman that developed neutropenia by drugs indicated for rheumatoid arthritis. The etiological diagnosis was confirmed by mycological culture of an ocular secretion with the support of MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis and histopathological findings. The treatment involved surgical debridements together with topical solution and systemic therapy with voriconazole and steroids with a favorable evolution after 2 months of treatment. A relapse required a second therapeutic course for an additional 12 months with improvement and eradication of the agent. Fungal conjunctivitis due to S. apiospermum is a rare event associated with immunosuppressed patients. Its treatment involves surgical debridements and prolonged antifungal therapy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Eye Infections, Fungal/diagnosis , Eye Infections, Fungal/drug therapy , Invasive Fungal Infections/drug therapy , Immunocompromised Host , Voriconazole/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(8): 1119-1128, ago. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389570

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Antimicrobial compounds are associated with a wide range of adverse events (AE) and some of them can be potentially preventable. Aim: To characterize AE associated with antimicrobial compounds. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of AEs reported to the National Pharmacological Surveillance System from 2014 to 2017 in a regional hospital. Severity, causality and preventability were analyzed. Results: Sixty events were observed in 56 patients aged 2 months to 96 years. Cases were registered mostly in hospitalized patients. The most frequent AEs were skin disorders (56.7%), followed by hepatobiliary (13.3%), and CNS events (10%). Blood, kidney, respiratory gastrointestinal and immunological disorders were less frequently registered, including cases with anaphylactic shock and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). Causal analysis indicated a definitive association in 8.3%, probable in 70% and possible in 22%. Skin lesions were mostly associated with beta-lactams, hepatobiliary disorders with antituberculosis drugs and CNS manifestations with carbapenems. Cutaneous, neurological, and hepatobiliary events appeared at a median of 4, 2.5 and 10.5 days after starting the medication, respectively. AEs were managed with withdrawal of the suspected drug (83.3%) and other auxiliary therapies. AEs were categorized as severe in 22% and one case with SJS had a fatal outcome (1.7%). Preventability analysis revealed 25% of potentially avoidable events. Conclusions: Antimicrobial AE involved a wide diversity of compounds, occurred in different hospitalization units, affected patients of a wide age range and attacked different systems or organs. An important fraction was potentially avoidable.


Antecedentes: Los compuestos antimicrobianos están asociados a una amplia gama de eventos adversos (EA) y algunos de ellos pueden ser potencialmente prevenibles. Objetivos: Caracterizar los EA asociados a compuestos antimicrobianos. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de EA reportados al Sistema Nacional de Farmacovigilancia desde 2014 la 2017 en un hospital regional. Se incluyó un análisis de gravedad, causalidad y de posible prevención. Resultados: Se observaron 60 eventos en 56 pacientes de 2 meses a 96 años. Los casos se registraron principalmente en pacientes hospitalizados. Los EA más frecuentes fueron los trastornos de la piel (56,7%), seguidos de los hepatobiliares (13,3%) y del sistema nervioso central (10%). Los hematológicos, renales, respiratorios, gastrointestinales e inmunológicos se registraron con menos frecuencia, incluidos casos con shock anafiláctico y síndrome de Stevens-Johnson (SSJ). El análisis de causalidad indicó una asociación definitiva en 8.3%, probable en 70% y posible en 21.7%. Las lesiones cutáneas se asociaron principalmente a betalactámicos, los trastornos hepatobiliares a fármacos antituberculosos y las manifestaciones del SNC a carbapenémicos. Los eventos cutáneos, neurológicos y hepatobiliares se presentaron en una mediana de 4, 2,5 y 10,5 días después de iniciar el medicamento, respectivamente. Los EA se manejaron con el retiro del fármaco sospechoso (83,3%) y otras terapias auxiliares. Los EA se clasificaron como graves (21,7%) y un caso con SSJ tuvo un desenlace fatal (1,7%). Un 25% de los eventos fue potencialmente evitable. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este trabajo revelan que los AE por antimicrobianos involucran una amplia diversidad de compuestos, ocurren en diferentes unidades de hospitalización, afectan a pacientes de un amplio rango de edad y atacan diferentes sistemas u órganos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hospitals, General , Anti-Infective Agents , Chile/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Hospitalization
5.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 38(3): 446-451, jun. 2021. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388251

ABSTRACT

Resumen Presentamos el caso de un varón de 63 años, inmunocompetente, con una necrosis retinal aguda (NRA) unilateral. Consultó por visión borrosa, dolor ocular, fotofobia y cefalea. Se confirmó una papilitis y coriorretinitis periférica asociada a vasculitis e isquemia retinal periférica. El estudio molecular por RPC de humor acuoso detectó la presencia de virus varicela zoster. El paciente fue tratado con terapia combinada con corticoesteroides orales, aciclovir oral/intravenoso, ganciclovir intravítreo semanal y luego valaciclovir oral por tres meses. Se demostró una disminución progresiva de la carga viral en el humor acuoso durante el tratamiento. El seguimiento mostró una mejoría del cuadro inflamatorio y una leve recuperación de la agudeza visual, sin embargo, finalmente presentó un desprendimiento de retina con pérdida casi total de la visión unilateral. La NRA es una complicación infrecuente provocada por algunos virus herpes con mal pronóstico visual, desenlace que puede ser mejorado con un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz con antivirales. El tratamiento prolongado permite evitar la recaída y el compromiso contralateral.


Abstract We present the case of a 63-year-old immunocompetent man with unilateral acute retinal necrosis (ARN). He consulted for blurred vision, eye pain, photophobia, and headache. Papillitis and peripheal chorioretinitis associated with vasculitis and peripheral retinal ischemia was confirmed. PCR from aqueous humor sample detected varicella zoster virus. The patient was treated with a combined therapy of oral corticosteroids, oral / intravenous acyclovir along with weekly intravitreous ganciclovir doses followed by oral valaciclovir for three months. A progressive decrease in viral load in aqueous humor was demonstrated during treatment. Follow-up showed improvement in the inflammatory condition and a slight recovery of visual acuity, however, finally he presented a retinal detachment with total loss of one-sided vision. ARN is an uncommon complication caused by some herpesviruses with a poor visual prognosis, an outcome that can be improved with early diagnosis and treatment using appropriate antivirals. Prolonged treatment reduces relapse frequency and fellow eye compromise.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute/diagnosis , Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute/drug therapy , Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Acyclovir/therapeutic use , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Follow-Up Studies
6.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(3): 348-356, mar. 2021. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389456

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: National rates of HIV, gonorrhoeae and syphilis have increased in Chile in recent years, but it is not known if syphilis among pregnant women (PW) is also escalating. Aim: To explore syphilis rates among PW in a southern Chilean region and to describe clinical features of mothers and offspring. Patients and Methods: We selected PW with positive VDRL or T. pallidum micro-he-magglutination (MHA-TP) reactive tests, referred to a high-risk obstetrical pathology center between 2011 and 2019. Clinical information of mothers and their offspring was obtained from their medical records. Results: Syphilis rates among PW increased from 0.4 to 7.2 per 1,000 live births in the reference center from 2013 to 2019, along with a national and regional increase in both sexes. Twenty-nine cases of PW with syphilis were identified with a median age of 28 years (interquartile range 23-32). Seventeen percent had a history of drug abuse, and 14% had previous sexually transmitted diseases. In seven cases (24%), the diagnosis occurred at delivery. Three percent of patients had a primary syphilis, 14% a secondary syphilis, 24% an early latent syphilis, and 59% a latent syphilis. All cases except one case were treated with benzathine penicillin G and the remaining with erythromycin due to allergy suspicion. Penicillin desensitization was required in two cases (7%). Treatment timing was inadequate in 10 cases (34.5%). Of 19 patients with available serological follow-up, 10 (53%) showed a significant decrease in VDRL titers (≥ 2 dilutions) and two cases had re-infection. Two patients (7%) had an abortion, two had congenital syphilis (7%), and six had premature births (21%), totaling 35% of adverse-pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions: Resurgence of syphilis among pregnant women is happening in southern Chile and is associated to adverse-pregnancy outcomes.


Antecedentes: Las tasas nacionales de VIH, gonorrea y sífilis han aumentado en Chile en los últimos años, pero no se sabe si la sífilis en mujeres embarazadas (ME) también está aumentando. Objetivo: Explorar las tasas de sífilis en ME en una región del sur de Chile y describir las características clínicas de las madres y los hijos. Pacientes y Métodos: Se seleccionaron ME con un VDRL o test de microhemaglutinación para T. pallidum positivos, referidas aun centro de alto riesgo obstétrico entre 2011 y 2019. La información clínica de las madres y sus hijos fue obtenida de fichas clínicas. Resultados: Las tasas de sífilis en ME aumentaron de 0,4 a 7,2 por 1000 nacidos vivos en el hospital de referencia entre 2013 y 2019, en paralelo a un aumento nacional y regional en ambos sexos. Se identificaron 29 casos de mujeres embarazadas con sífilis con mediana de edad 28 años, rango intercuartílico 23-32. Diecisiete por ciento tenía historia de abuso de drogas y 14% tenía una enfermedad de transmisión sexual previa. En siete casos, el diagnóstico ocurrió en el momento del parto (24,1%). Los estadios abarcaron sífilis primaria (3%), sífilis secundaria (14%), sífilis latente temprana (24%) y sífilis latente (59%). Todos, menos un caso, fueron tratados con penicilina G benzatina y el caso restante con eritromicina por sospecha de alergia a la penicilina. Se requirieron protocolos de desensibilización a penicilina en dos casos (7%). El momento del tratamiento fue inadecuado en 10 casos (35%). De 19 pacientes con seguimiento serológico disponible, 10 (53%) mostraron una disminución significativa en los títulos de VDRL (≥ 2 diluciones) y dos casos tuvieron reinfección. Dos pacientes (7%) evolucionaron con aborto, dos con sífilis congénita (7%, una asociada a terapia con macrólidos) y seis con parto prematuro o bajo peso al nacer (21%), totalizando 35% de resultados adversos durante el embarazo. Conclusiones: El resurgimiento de la sífilis entre las mujeres embarazadas está ocurriendo en el sur de Chile y está asociado a resultados adversos del embarazo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious , Syphilis, Congenital/epidemiology , Syphilis/epidemiology , Penicillin G Benzathine , Chile/epidemiology , Pregnant Women
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 148(11)nov. 2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389252

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: During the first pandemic wave, Covid-19 reached Latin America cities. Aim: To report clinical features and outcomes of a group of patients with Covid-19 admitted to a Chilean regional reference Center. Material and Methods: Cases were identified by a compatible clinical picture and a positive PCR or serological test. Clinical features of patients were retrieved from medical records. Results: Forty-seven adult patients (45 diagnosed by PCR, 2 by serology) were admitted between epidemiological weeks 13 to 33, corresponding to 4.4% of total regional cases. Hospitalization occurred at a median of 10 days after onset of symptoms. Fifty one percent of patients had 60 years or more. Hypertension, obesity and diabetes mellitus were present in 57, 45 and 32 % of cases, respectively. Nineteen percent of patients had no comorbid condition nor were elderly. Two cases were women in their second trimester of pregnancy. Positive IgM or IgM/IgG results obtained by rapid serological testing, had limited sensitivity during the first week (67%). Seventeen patients (36.2%) were transferred to an intensive care unit (ICU) due to respiratory failure. Chest imaging demonstrated a classical COVID-19 pattern in 87%. By univariate analysis, admission to ICU was significantly associated with tachypnea and higher CALL (comorbidity, age, lymphocyte count and lactate dehydrogenase) score. Four patients died (rendering a hospital mortality of 8.5%) and length of stay was ≥ 14 days in 46.8% of patients. By univariate analysis, mortality was associated with immunosuppression and ICU admission. Conclusions: In our regional Center, patients admitted with COVID-19 had usual risk factors and had a prolonged stay. Hospital mortality was associated with immunosuppression and ICU admission.


Antecedentes: Durante la primera ola pandémica, COVID-19 llegó a las ciudades de América Latina. Objetivos: Informar las características clínicas y los resultados asociados a COVID-19 en un grupo de pacientes ingresados en un Centro de referencia regional en el sur de Chile. Material y Métodos: Los casos fueron identificados por un cuadro clínico compatible asociado a RT-PCR positiva o prueba serológica. La información clínica de los pacientes se obtuvo de sus fichas. Resultados: Entre las semanas epidemiológicas 13 y 33 ingresaron 47 pacientes adultos (45 diagnosticados por PCR, 2 por serología), lo que representa el 4,4% del total de casos regionales. La hospitalización se produjo con una mediana de 10 días después del inicio de los síntomas. El 51% de los pacientes tenía 60 años o más. La hipertensión arterial (57,4%), la obesidad (44,7%) y la diabetes mellitus 2 (31,9%) fueron prevalentes, pero el 19% no presentaba comorbilidades ni era un adulto mayor. Dos casos ocurrieron en mujeres embarazadas en el segundo trimestre. Los resultados positivos de IgM o IgM / IgG obtenidos mediante pruebas serológicas rápidas tuvieron una sensibilidad limitada durante la primera semana (66,7%). Diecisiete pacientes (36,2%, grupo crítico) fueron trasladados a UCI por insuficiencia respiratoria. Las imágenes de tórax demostraron un patrón COVID-19 clásico en el 87% de los casos. Por análisis univariado, el ingreso en UCI se asoció significativamente con taquipnea y puntuaciones CALL (comorbidity, age, lymphocyte count and lactate dehydrogenase) elevadas. Cuatro pacientes fallecieron (mortalidad hospitalaria 8,5%) y la estadía hospitalaria fue ≥ 14 días en el 47% de los pacientes. Por análisis univariado la mortalidad se asoció a inmunodepresión y al ingreso a UCI. Conclusiones: En nuestro Centro regional, COVID-19 se asoció a factores de riesgo conocidos y tuvo una estadía prolongada. La mortalidad hospitalaria se asoció con inmunosupresión o ingreso a UCI.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , COVID-19 , Chile/epidemiology , Critical Illness , SARS-CoV-2 , Hospitalization , Intensive Care Units
8.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 37(5): 604-609, nov. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144258

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los hongos dematiáceos son un grupo heterogéneo de microorganismos capaces de sintetizar melanina. Las infecciones de este grupo que producen hifas en tejidos se denominan feohifomicosis y generalmente afectan la piel y tejidos vecinos. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 86 años con un tumor quístico blando progresivo en su mano y muñeca derecha, no asociado a dolor o signos inflamatorios. Se demostró una tenosinovitis de los flexores con pseudocapsula y sinovitis adherida a los tendones. El cultivo demostró un hongo dematiáceo compatible con Pleurostomophora richardsiae que se confirmó por secuenciación de la región ITS. La biopsia mostró una inflamación crónica granulomatosa e hifas. Después del drenaje quirúrgico, el paciente fue dado de alta sin terapia antifúngica, pero falleció por causas no relacionadas, tres meses después. Esta es la primera descripción de P. richardsiae como causa de feohifomicosis en Chile. Esta patología se puede sospechar cuando una lesión quística cutánea crónica involucra extremidades sin signos inflamatorios. Puede afectar a pacientes inmunocompetentes o inmunocomprometidos. El tratamiento contempla la escisión quirúrgica con o sin terapia antifúngica.


Abstract Dematiaceous fungi are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms able to synthesize melanin. Infections by this group that provoke tissular hyphae are called phaeohyphomycosis and usually involve skin and neighbor tissues. We present the case of a 86 years old men with a progressive soft cystic tumor in his right hand and wrist not associated to pain or inflammatory signs. A surgical intervention demonstrated flexor tenosynovitis with serous secretion, pseudocapsule and synovitis. Fungal culture demonstrated a dematiaceous fungi compatible with Pleurostomophora richardsiae that was confirmed by sequencing of the ITS region. Biopsy showed chronic inflammation with granuloma and hyphae. After surgical drainage, the patient was discharged without antifungal therapy but died of unrelated causes three month later. This is the first description of P. richardsiae as a cause of phaeohyphomycosis in Chile, a country with a template climate. Phaeohyphomycosis can be suspected when a chronic skin cystic lesion involves extremities without inflammatory signs, sometimes with an associated fistula. It may affect immunocompetent or immunosuppressed patients. Treatment involves surgical excision with or without antifungal therapy and prognosis is favorable.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged, 80 and over , Abscess , Phaeohyphomycosis/diagnosis , Phaeohyphomycosis/drug therapy , Ascomycota , Chile , Hand , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
9.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 148(9)sept. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389327

ABSTRACT

We report a 44-year-old male who was admitted for Influenza B and fever, presenting a type I Brugada pattern on the electrocardiogram. He evolved without cardiovascular symptoms. The pharmacological test with intravenous Procainamide reproduced type I Brugada pattern and the programmed electrical stimulation was negative for ventricular arrhythmias. He was discharged without incidents. Clinical aspects of Brugada syndrome and the importance of fever are discussed in the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Brugada Syndrome , Influenza B virus , Electrocardiography , Brugada Syndrome/diagnosis
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 148(6): 778-786, jun. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1139371

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic infection (OI) in immunosuppressed patients. However, there are no clear cut-off values available for quantitative plasmatic CMV measures (viral load [VL]) to discriminate those with CMV illness from those infected suffering a transient viral reactivation. Aim: To estimate a CMV VL cut-off point that discriminates infected patients and those with CMV related diseases, and to clinically characterize AIDS patients with this OI. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of AIDS patients admitted by any reason between years 2017 and 2019 and who had a positive plasma CMV VL at any titer. Cases were categorized with illness or infected using accepted criteria and the cut-off value was obtained by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Results: Twelve patients were identified as having a CMV-associated illness and seven with CMV infection. A CMV VL of 3,800 copies/mL had a sensitivity of 91.6% and 100% specificity to discriminate both states. Of the 12 patients with CMV illness, all were in AIDS stage and only five were receiving HIV therapy. Predominant clinical presentations were gastrointestinal (50%), followed by liver involvement (25%) and CMV disease (25%). All patients were treated with ganciclovir or valganciclovir. Ten patients had a favorable response (83.3%), one patient only had a laboratory improvement (8.3%) and one died during treatment (8.3%). Drug toxicity was recorded in nine patients but in only three cases, a dose adjustment was necessary. Conclusions: The predominant clinical manifestation in our series was gastrointestinal. A CMV VL cutoff level of CMV VL of 3,800 copies / mL is useful to discriminate infected patients from those with CMV related disease.


Antecedentes: Citomegalovirus (CMV) es una infección oportunista (IO) en pacientes inmunosuprimidos. Sin embargo, se requieren puntos de corte de carga viral (CV) para discriminar a aquellos con enfermedad por CMV de aquellos infectados que sufren una reactivación viral transitoria. Objetivos: Estimar un punto de corte de la CV de CMV que discrimine a los enfermos de los infectados y, además, caracterizar clínicamente a los pacientes con sida que presentan esta IO. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes con sida hospitalizados por cualquier motivo entre los años 2017 y 2019, y que presentaron un CV de CMV plasmática positiva a cualquier título. Los casos se clasificaron como enfermos utilizando criterios aceptados y el valor de corte se obtuvo mediante análisis de una curva ROC. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio, 12 pacientes fueron identificados con enfermedad asociada al CMV y siete con infección. Una CV de 3.800 copias/ml logró una sensibilidad de 91,6% y una especificidad de 100% para discriminar ambos estados. De los 12 pacientes enfermos, todos estaban en etapa de sida y solo 5 recibían terapia contra el VIH. La presentación clínica predominante fue gastrointestinal (50%) seguida del compromiso hepático (25%) y de la enfermedad por CMV (25%). Todos los pacientes fueron tratados con ganciclovir o valganciclovir. Diez pacientes tuvieron una respuesta favorable (83,3%), uno solo tuvo mejoría de laboratorio (8,3%) y otro paciente falleció durante el tratamiento (8,3%). Nueve pacientes evolucionaron con toxicidad farmacológica, pero en solo 3 casos fue necesario ajustar las dosis. Conclusiones: La forma predominante de presentación de la enfermedad fue gastrointestinal. Un punto de corte de 3.800 copias/ml discrimina pacientes infectados de aquellos con la enfermedad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Cytomegalovirus Infections/complications , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus Infections/drug therapy , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Ganciclovir/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Viral Load , Cytomegalovirus
11.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 148(3): 344-348, mar. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1115798

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Syphilis during pregnancy has a high risk of congenital transmission with disastrous fetal consequences. Penicillin (PNC) is the only effective antimicrobial for the treatment of pregnant women with syphilis. Chilean guidelines do not consider desensitization to PNC in these women. We report two cases of pregnant women aged 32 and 23 years, with immediate allergy to PNC and syphilis who were safely and successfully desensitized using a four-hour intravenous protocol in the critical care unit and who subsequently received benzathine G PNC. An electronic survey was conducted among approximately 100 Clinical Pharmacists (CP) in the country. Of these, 16 answered and 13 reported having experience in drug desensitization, in at least five cases with PNC and none reported deaths or cardiorespiratory arrest. Desensitization to PNC can be carried out safely and in Chile, this alternative should be incorporated to the management of pregnant women with syphilis and immediate allergy to PNC, instead of using erythromycin.


La sífilis durante el embarazo tiene un alto riesgo de transmisión congénita con consecuencias desastrosas para el feto. La penicilina (PNC) es el único compuesto efectivo para el tratamiento de sífilis en una mujer embarazada.. En Chile, ante alergias de tipo inmediata, no se considera la desensibilización a la PNC en mujeres embarazadas por norma ministerial. Se comunican dos casos de mujeres embarazadas con alergia tipo inmediata y sífilis durante la gestación que fueron desensibilizadas a este compuesto con un protocolo endovenoso de 4 horas en la unidad de pacientes críticos, sin observar complicaciones, recibiendo posteriormente PNC G Benzatina. Se efectuó una encuesta electrónica a farmacéuticos clínicos del país que incluyó más de 100 profesionales. De ellos, 16 contestaron y 13 declararon poseer experiencia en desensibilización de fármacos, en al menos cinco casos con PNC y ninguno reportó muertes o paro cardiorrespiratorio. La desensibilización a PNC puede ser efectuada en forma segura en embarazadas con alergia de tipo inmediata a PNC que cursan con sífilis. En Chile se debería incorporar esta alternativa en el manejo de mujeres embarazadas con sífilis y alergia inmediata a PNC en lugar de solo considerar por norma el uso de eritromicina.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Adult , Young Adult , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious , Syphilis/complications , Hypersensitivity/complications , Penicillin G Benzathine , Chile
12.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(10): 1340-1345, oct. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058603

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Infectious endocarditis (IE) by Bartonella species is an emerging problem worldwide. We report two cases of native valve Bartonella-associated IE events, both affecting adult male patients with a history of alcohol abuse and a low socioeconomic status. Admissions were due to pancytopenia and bleeding in one case and embolic stroke in the other. Blood cultures were negative and IgG indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA) were positive for B. henselae/B. quintana in high titers (1/16,384-1/16,384, and 1/32,768 -1/16,384, respectively). Cases were classified as definitive IE events according to modified Duke criteria due to the presence of valve vegetations with at least three minor criteria. One patient required aortic mechanical valve replacement and survived, and the other died after a massive hemorrhagic transformation of his stroke. PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal bacterial DNA from a valve tissue sample obtained at surgery in the patient who survived, confirmed B. quintana as the etiological agent. Bartonella-associated IE is an emerging problem in Chile, present in disadvantaged populations. It should be suspected in patients with culture-negative IE. IFA does not discriminate between B. henselae and B. quintana infection, but high titers suggest IE. Complementary PCR techniques may help to elucidate the final causative agent.


La endocarditis infecciosa(EI) asociada a Bartonella es un problema emergente a nivel mundial. Publicamos los 2 primeros casos de EI en válvula nativa asociados a Bartonella en Chile, los que afectaron a pacientes masculinos con historia de consumo de alcohol y bajos ingresos. La hospitalización fue provocada por pancitopenia y hemorragias en un caso y por un evento cerebrovascular en el otro. Se solicitó serología para Bartonella por inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) para ampliar el estudio ante hemocultivos negativos y en ambos casos se reportaron resultados intensamente positivos para B. henselae y B. quintana1/16.384-1/16.384 y 1/32.768 -1/16.384, respectivamente). Los casos se clasificaron como eventos definitivos de EI según los criterios modificados de Duke debido a la presencia de vegetaciones valvulares con al menos 3 criterios menores. Un paciente requirió reemplazo valvular aórtico y sobrevivió, y el otro falleció tras una transformación hemorrágica masiva del infarto cerebral. La amplificación del ADN ribosomal 16S por RCP y posterior secuenciación de una muestra de tejido valvular confirmó la presencia de B. quintana. La EI por Bartonella sp. es un problema emergente en Chile, probablemente asociada a poblaciones desfavorecidas, la que debe ser sospechada en pacientes con cultivos negativos. La IFI no permite discriminar infecciones por B. henselae o B. quintana pero los títulos altos sugieren EI. Técnicas complementarias por RCP pueden ayudar a dilucidar el diagnóstico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Aged , Bartonella quintana/isolation & purification , Bartonella henselae/isolation & purification , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Bartonella Infections/microbiology , Bartonella Infections/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Chile , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnostic imaging
13.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(8): 1042-1052, ago. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058641

ABSTRACT

Background: Recent data suggest an increase in tuberculosis (TB) incidence in Chile. Aim: To evaluate recent epidemiological trends, geographic extension and potential factors associated with TB reemergence in Chile. Material and Methods: Data analysis from official sources and trend analysis. Results: TB incidence rate increased from 12.3 (2014) to 14.7 (2017) per 100,000 inhabitants. Morbidity rates also increased in nine out of 15 regions. The proportion of TB cases in specific groups has also increased in the last six years: HIV/AIDS (68%), immigrants (118%), drug users/alcoholics (267%) and homeless people (370%). Several indicators of the national TB program performance have deteriorated including TB case detection, HIV co-infection study and contact tracing activities. Overall results indicate a higher than expected case-fatality ratio (> 3%), high rates of loss from follow-up (> 5%), and low percentage of cohort healing rate (< 90%). This decline is associated with a Control Program with scarce human resources whose central budget decreased by 90% from 2008 to 2014. New molecular diagnostic tools and liquid media culture were only recently implemented. Conclusions: TB trends and overall program performance indicators have deteriorated in recent years in Chile and several factors appear to be involved. Multiple strategies will be required to rectify this situation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Time Factors , Tuberculosis/economics , Tuberculosis/etiology , Ill-Housed Persons/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Risk Factors , Health Expenditures/trends , Statistics, Nonparametric , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , Geography
14.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(7): 842-851, jul. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058613

ABSTRACT

Background: Except for influenza pandemics, different observational studies have failed to demonstrate differences in mortality between various etiologies in adult patients hospitalized for respiratory infections. Aim: To compare clinical and mortality differences between different viral pathogens associated with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in hospitalized adults. Material and Methods: One-year prospective study in a sentinel center. We included 132 patients with SARI hospitalized for any of the nine viruses under study by PCR. Clinical variables were compared, excluding cases of coinfection. Results: A viral coinfection was identified in 12% and influenza infection in 56% of cases. Eighty percent of patients were aged ≥ 65 years, with a high frequency of comorbidities, 27% were bedridden. Twenty four percent were admitted to critical care units, 20% required ventilatory assistance and 16% died. Cases occurred throughout the year, with an expected seasonal peak between autumn and spring and a predominance of infections not associated with influenza during summer months. In the multivariate analysis, only being bedridden was significantly associated with mortality at discharge (Odds ratio 23.46; 95% confidence intervals 3.33-165.12, p < 0.01), without association with age, comorbidity, viral pathogen involved, laboratory parameters, clinical presentation or CURB65 score. No major clinical dissimilarities were found between different viral pathogens. Conclusions: In our series of patients, mostly elderly, only bedridden status was significantly associated with mortality at discharge in patients hospitalized for SARI. Viral pathogens were not relevant.


Los factores del huésped son más importantes que el tipo viral para predecir el desenlace en pacientes hospitalizados por infecciones respiratoria aguda grave. Exceptuando las pandemias de influenza, diferentes estudios observacionales no han logrado demostrar diferencias en mortalidad entre diferentes patógenos en pacientes adultos hospitalizados por infecciones respiratorias. Objetivo: Comparar diferencias clínicas y en mortalidad entre diferentes patógenos virales asociados a infección respiratoria aguda grave (IRAG) en adultos hospitalizados. Método: Estudio prospectivo durante un año en un centro centinela. Se incluyeron casos de IRAG hospitalizados por alguno de los 9 virus bajo estudio por RCP. Se compararon variables clínicas y desenlace. Resultados: Ingresaron 132 pacientes con IRAG. Se identificó coinfección viral en 12,1% e infección por influenza en 56,1%. La mayor parte era de la tercera edad (80,3%) con una alta frecuencia de comorbilidad y 27,3% estaba postrado. Veintitres coma cinco por ciento ingresó a unidad de cuidados críticos, 19,7% requirió asistencia ventilatoria y 15,9% fallecieron. Los casos ocurrieron todo el año, con un aumento estacional esperado entre otoño y primavera y predominio de infecciones no asociadas a influenza en verano. En el análisis multivariado, sólo la postración se asoció significativamente a mortalidad al egreso (ORa 23,46 IC95 3,33-165,12, p = 0,002), sin asociación con la edad, comorbilidad, patógeno viral involucrado, parámetros de laboratorio, presentación clínica o puntuación CURB65. No se encontraron discordancias clínicas mayores entre diferentes agentes virales. Conclusiones: En nuestra serie de pacientes, mayoritariamente de la tercera edad, sólo la postración se asoció significativamente a mortalidad al egreso en pacientes hospitalizados por IRAG. El patógeno viral no resultó ser relevante.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Respiratory Tract Infections/mortality , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Seasons , Severity of Illness Index , Acute Disease , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Hospitalization
15.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(7): 922-927, jul. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058622

ABSTRACT

Neurological manifestations associated with influenza virus infection include encephalitis, encephalopathy, acute necrotizing encephalitis, transverse myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, mild encephalitis with reversible splenial syndrome (MERS), and Guillaín Barré syndrome. We report a 16-year-old female who was admitted at our emergency department with seizures, confusion, nystagmus and motor clumsiness five days after an upper a respiratory tract infection. Influenza type B virus infection was confirmed by chain polymerase reaction analysis. The initial electroencephalogram demonstrated a pattern of global slowness without epileptic discharges. One week later, it showed a progression to slow-wave focal bilateral discharges at both temporal and occipital lobes. The patient had a favorable evolution and was discharged 19 days after admission with phenytoin to prevent seizures.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Influenza B virus/isolation & purification , Encephalitis/virology , Influenza, Human/complications , Electroencephalography , Encephalitis/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/virology
17.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 36(3): 312-317, jun. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1013789

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción. Los factores de virulencia de las cepas de Vibrio cholerae no-O1, no-O139 no son claramente conocidos. La cepa de origen septicémico NN1 Vibrio cholerae no-O1, no-O139 fue secuenciada previamente mediante la plataforma Illumina, detectándose en su genoma un fragmento de la isla de patogenicidad VPaI-7 de V. parahaemolyticus. Objetivo: detectar los genes de virulencia vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 y vopF en cepas chilenas clínicas de V. cholerae no-O1, no-O139. Material y Métodos: Un total de 9 cepas chilenas de origen clínico de Vibrio cholerae no-O1, no-O139 aisladas entre 2006-2012 fueron analizadas mediante ensayos de reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC, en inglés PCR) convencional para los genes de secreción tipo III codificados en dicha isla: vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 y vopF. Adicionalmente se determinó la presencia de los genes de virulencia hylA y rtxA. Además, se realizaron ensayos de repetitive element palindromic PCR (REP-PCR) y Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR). Resultados: la mayoría (6/9) de las cepas chilenas de V. cholerae no-O1, no-O139 contiene todos los genes de secreción tipo III vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 y vopF, codificados en una isla de patogenicidad. Además, el total de las cepas (9/9) contiene los genes de virulencia hylA y rtxA. Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren fuertemente la posibilidad que dichas cepas posean un potencial de virulencia importante en seres humanos.


Backgound: The virulence factors of the Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains are not clearly known. The strain of septicemic origin NN1 Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 was sequenced previously by the Illumina platform. A fragment of the pathogenicity island VPaI-7 of V. parahaemolyticus was detected in its genome. Aim: To detect the virulence genes vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 y vopF in Chilean strains of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139. Methods: A total of 9 Chilean strains of clinical origin of Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolated between 2006-2012 were analyzed by conventional PCR assays for type III secretion genes encoded on that island: vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 and vopF. Additionally, the presence of the virulence genes hylA and rtxA was determined. In addition, REP-PCR and ERIC-PCR assays were performed. Results: most (6/9) Chilean V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains contain the type III secretion genes vcsN2, vcsC2, vcsV2, vspD, toxR2 and vopF, encoded in an island of pathogenicity. In addition, all (9/9) the strains contain the virulence genes hylA and rtxA. Conclusion: These results strongly suggest the possibility that those strains possess an important virulence potential in humans.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Vibrio cholerae/genetics , Virulence Factors/genetics , Vibrio cholerae non-O1/genetics , Genomic Islands/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Type III Secretion Systems/genetics , Bacterial Toxins/genetics , Vibrio cholerae/isolation & purification , Vibrio cholerae/pathogenicity , Chile , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Vibrio cholerae non-O1/isolation & purification , Vibrio cholerae non-O1/pathogenicity , Hemolysin Proteins/genetics
18.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 36(1): 106-111, feb. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003659

ABSTRACT

Resumen Comunicamos dos casos de meningitis aséptica asociadas a parotiditis viral en mujeres de edad mediana, una de ellas embarazada. Ambas se presentaron pocos días después del aumento de volumen parotídeo, con cefalea, fiebre y signos meníngeos, pleocitosis de predominio mononuclear en el LCR y resultados negativos para otras causas. La parotiditis fue confirmada por serología IgG e IgM positiva. Las pacientes tuvieron una evolución favorable con desaparición total de sus síntomas. Ambos casos ocurrieron durante un brote regional de parotiditis. La meningitis aséptica es una complicación frecuente de las parotiditis. Su diagnóstico puede lograrse por el aumento de volumen glandular precedente, la pleocitosis de predominio mononuclear en el LCR y una serología IgM e IgG positiva o detección genómica por RPC en muestra urinaria o salival. Esta complicación es más probable que sea observada durante brotes de parotiditis viral.


We report two cases of acute aseptic meningitis associated to mumps in middle-aged women, one pregnant. Both presented shortly after parotid gland enlargement. Neurological complications were suspected by headache, fever and meningeal signs and confirmed by CSF findings (mononuclear predominant pleocytosis) with negative results for alternative causes. Mumps were confirmed by positive IgM and IgG serology. Both patients were discharged with a favorable evolution and complete disappearance of symptoms. Cases were concurrent with a regional mumps outbreak. Conclusions: Aseptic meningitis is a rare mumps-associated neurological complication. Its diagnostic can be achieved by precedent parotid enlargement, mononuclear pleocytosis in the CSF and positive IgM and IgG serology or viral detection by PCR in urine or salivary samples. This complication would be more probably observed during mumps outbreaks.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Meningitis, Aseptic/virology , Mumps/complications , Seasons , Time Factors , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Risk Factors , Age Distribution , Epidemics , Meningitis, Aseptic/pathology , Meningitis, Aseptic/epidemiology , Mumps/epidemiology
19.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(2): 256-260, Feb. 2019. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1004341

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Adenovirus (ADV) is a recognized cause of severe disease among immunocompromised patients. We report a previously healthy 39-year-old female, admitted with influenza pneumonia and evolving with lung hemorrhage and acute renal failure requiring mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis. She received high corticosteroid doses due to an initial suspicion of alveolar hemorrhage. Lymphopenia already present before steroid use (567/μL), was maintained during the whole hospital stay (mean 782/μL). From the second week of admission she presented a high-volume diarrhea (mean 2.5 L/day) associated to intermittent bloody stools. An ulcerative enterocolitis was confirmed by CT images and colonoscopy. ADV was detected in a colonic tissue sample by real time PCR but not by a commercial filmarray test. Cidofovir-probenecid and racecadotril therapy were indicated without changing the clinical course of diarrhea and the patient finally died.


Adenovirus (ADV) es una causa reconocida de enfermedades graves en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Informamos el caso de una mujer de 39 años, previamente sana, que ingresó por neumonía grave por influenza, evolucionando con hemorragia pulmonar y falla renal aguda, requiriendo ventilación mecánica y hemodiálisis. Recibió altas dosis de corticoides por la sospecha inicial de una hemorragia alveolar. Tuvo linfopenia durante toda su estadía (promedio 782/μL), la que ya estaba presente antes del uso de los corticoides (567/μL). Desde la segunda semana de hospitalización, presentó una diarrea de alto volumen (promedio 2,5 L/día) asociada a la presencia de sangre en deposiciones en forma intermitente. Se confirmó una enterocolitis ulcerativa por tomografía computada y colonoscopía. Se detectó ADV en muestras de biopsia colónica por PCR en tiempo real pero no por un test de PCR múltiples automatizado comercial. Fue tratada con cidofovir-probenecid y racecadrotrilo sin impacto clínico y la paciente finalmente falleció.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Cross Infection/etiology , Immunocompromised Host , Adenoviridae Infections/complications , Enterocolitis/etiology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Adenoviridae/isolation & purification , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Cross Infection/immunology , Fatal Outcome , Adenoviridae Infections/microbiology , Diarrhea/complications , Enterocolitis/diagnosis , Enterocolitis/immunology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/immunology
20.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 43: e1, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-985764

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To 1) describe clinical characteristics of adult patients in Chile with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) associated with influenza viruses, and 2) analyze virus subtypes identified in specimens collected from those patients, hospital resources used in clinical management, clinical evolution, and risk factors associated with a fatal outcome, using observational data from the SARI surveillance network (SARInet). Methods Adults hospitalized from 1 July 2011 to 31 December 2015 with influenza-associated SARI at a SARI sentinel surveillance hospital in Santiago were identified and the presence of influenza in all cases confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using respiratory samples. Results A total of 221 patients (mean age: 74.1 years) were hospitalized with influenza-associated SARI during the study period. Of this study cohort, 91.4% had risk factors for complications and 34.3% had been vaccinated during the most recent campaign. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical manifestation, occurring in 57.0% of the cohort; other manifestations included influenza-like illness, exacerbated chronic bronchitis, decompensated heart failure, and asthmatic crisis. Cases occurred year-round, with an epidemic peak during autumn-winter. Both influenza A (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2) and B virus co-circulated. Critical care beds were required for 26.7% of the cohort, and 19.5% needed ventilatory assistance. Multivariate analysis identified four significant factors associated with in-hospital mortality: 1) being bedridden (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 22.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0-164); 2) admission to critical care unit (aOR: 8.9; CI: 1.44-55); 3) Pa02/Fi02 ratio < 250 (aOR: 5.8; CI: 1.02-33); and 4) increased serum creatinine concentration (> 1 mg/dL) (aOR: 5.47; CI: 1.20-24). Seasonal influenza vaccine was identified as a significant protective factor (aOR: 0.14; CI: 0.021-0.90). Conclusions Influenza-associated SARI affected mainly elderly patients with underlying conditions. Most patients evolved to respiratory failure and more than one-quarter required critical care beds. Clinical presentation was variable. Death was associated with host characteristics and disease-associated conditions, and vaccine was protective. Virus type did not influence outcome.


resumen está disponible en el texto completo


RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as características clínicas de pacientes adultos com infecção respiratória aguda grave (SARI) associada ao vírus da influenza e analisar os subtipos virais identificados em amostras coletadas destes pacientes, os recursos hospitalares empregados no tratamento clínico, a evolução clínica e os fatores de risco clínicos associados a um desfecho fatal, a partir de dados observacionais da rede de vigilância de SARI (SARInet) no Chile. Métodos Foram identificados os adultos hospitalizados com SARI associada a influenza em um hospital-sentinela de vigilância de SARI, em Santiago, de 1o de julho de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2015. A ocorrência de influenza foi confirmada em amostras respiratórias em todos os casos com a reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa (RT-RCP). Resultados Ao todo, 221 pacientes (idade média de 74,1 anos) foram hospitalizados com SARI associada a influenza no período de estudo. Nesta coorte, 91,4% apresentavam fatores de risco para complicação e 34,3% haviam sido vacinados na última campanha de vacinação. Pneumonia foi a manifestação clínica mais frequente, ocorrendo em 57,0% da coorte. Outras manifestações foram doença gripal, bronquite crônica exacerbada, insuficiência cardíaca descompensada e crise asmática. Os casos estiveram distribuídos ao longo do ano, com pico epidêmico no outono-inverno. Houve circulação simultânea dos vírus da influenza A (H1N1pdm09 e H3N2) e B. Leitos de terapia intensiva foram necessários em 26,7% da coorte e suporte ventilatório, em 19,5%. Na análise multivariada, quatro fatores importantes associados à mortalidade hospitalar foram identificados: estar restrito ao leito (odds ratio ajustado [ORaj] 22.3; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 3.0-164); ser admitido na unidade de terapia intensiva (ORaj 8.9, IC 95% 1.4 4-55); relação Pa02/Fi02 <250 (ORaj 5.8; IC 95% 1.02-33) e aumento da creatinina sérica (>1 mg/dl) (ORaj 5.47; IC 95% 1.20-24). A vacinação sazonal contra influenza foi identificada como importante fator de proteção (ORaj 0.14; IC 95% 0.021-0.90). Conclusões A SARI associada a influenza acometeu sobretudo pacientes idosos com doenças preexistentes. A maioria dos pacientes evoluiu com insuficiência respiratória e mais de um quarto precisou de cuidados intensivos. O quadro clínico foi variável. Morte foi associada às características do hospedeiro e problemas relacionados à doença. A vacinação teve efeito protetor e o tipo viral não influiu no desfecho.


Subject(s)
Respiratory Tract Infections/complications , Fatal Outcome , Influenza, Human/transmission , Chile
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